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【作者】庄子【朝代】先秦

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然

，

jì

技

jīng

经

kěn

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qìng

綮

zhī

之

wèi

未

cháng

尝

，

ér

而

kuàng

况

dà

大

gū

軱

hū

乎

！

liáng

良

páo

庖

suì

岁

gèng

更

dāo

刀

，

gē

割

yě

也

；

zú

族

páo

庖

yuè

月

gèng

更

dāo

刀

，

zhé

折

yě

也

。

jīn

今

chén

臣

zhī

之

dāo

刀

shí

十

jiǔ

九

nián

年

yǐ

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suǒ

所

xiè

解

shù

数

qiān

千

niú

牛

yǐ

矣

，

ér

而

dāo

刀

rèn

刃

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xīn

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yú

于

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。

bǐ

彼

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者

yǒu

有

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间

，

ér

而

dāo

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rèn

刃

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者

wú

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hòu

厚

；

yǐ

以

wú

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入

yǒu

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间

，

huī

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huī

恢

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其

yú

于

yóu

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刃

bì

必

yǒu

有

yú

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yǐ

矣

，

shì

是

yǐ

以

shí

十

jiǔ

九

nián

年

ér

而

dāo

刀

rèn

刃

ruò

若

xīn

新

fā

发

yú

于

xíng

硎

。

suī

虽

rán

然

，

měi

每

zhì

至

yú

于

zú

族

，

wú

吾

jiàn

见

qí

其

nán

难

wéi

为

，

chù

怵

rán

然

wèi

为

jiè

戒

，

shì

视

wéi

为

zhǐ

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，

xíng

行

wéi

为

chí

迟

。

dòng

动

dāo

刀

shèn

甚

wēi

微

，

huò

謋

rán

然

yǐ

已

jiě

解

，

rú

如

tǔ

土

wěi

委

dì

地

。

tí

提

dāo

刀

ér

而

lì

立

，

wèi

为

zhī

之

sì

四

gù

顾

，

wèi

为

zhī

之

chóu

踌

chú

躇

mǎn

满

zhì

志

，

shàn

善

dāo

刀

ér

而

cáng

藏

zhī

之

”

wén

文

huì

惠

jūn

君

yuē

曰

“

shàn

善

zāi

哉

！

wú

吾

wén

闻

páo

庖

dīng

丁

zhī

之

yán

言

，

dé

得

yǎng

养

shēng

生

yān

焉

”

庖丁为文惠君解牛，手之所触，肩之所倚，足之所履，膝之所踦，砉然向然，奏刀騞然，莫不中音。
合于《桑林》之舞，乃中《经首》之会。

　　文惠君曰：“嘻，善哉！技盖至此乎？”
　　庖丁释刀对曰：“臣之所好者道也，进乎技矣。
始臣之解牛之时，所见无非牛者。
三年之后，未尝见全牛也。
方今之时，臣以神遇而不以目视，官知止而神欲行。
依乎天理，批大郤，导大窾，因其固然，技经肯綮之未尝，而况大軱乎！良庖岁更刀，割也；族庖月更刀，折也。
今臣之刀十九年矣，所解数千牛矣，而刀刃若新发于硎。
彼节者有间，而刀刃者无厚；以无厚入有间，恢恢乎其于游刃必有余地矣，是以十九年而刀刃若新发于硎。
虽然，每至于族，吾见其难为，怵然为戒，视为止，行为迟。
动刀甚微，謋然已解，如土委地。
提刀而立，为之四顾，为之踌躇满志，善刀而藏之。
”
　　文惠君曰：“善哉！吾闻庖丁之言，得养生焉。
”

译文注释

庖丁给梁惠王宰牛。手接触的地方，肩膀倚靠的地方，脚踩的地方，膝盖顶的地方，哗哗作响，进刀时豁豁地，没有不合音律的：合乎（汤时）《桑林》舞乐的节拍，又合乎（尧时）《经首》乐曲的节奏。梁惠王说：嘻，好啊！（你解牛的）技术怎么竟会高超到这种程度啊？庖丁放下刀回答说：臣下所注重探究的，是解牛的规律，已经超过一般的技术了。起初我宰牛的时候，眼里看到的是一只完整的牛；几年以后，再未见过完整的牛了。现在，我凭精神和牛接触，而不用眼睛去看，感官停止了而精神在活动。依照牛的生理上的天然结构，砍入牛体筋骨相接的缝隙，顺着骨节间的空处进刀，依照牛体本来的构造，筋脉经络相连的地方和筋骨结合的地方，尚且不曾拿刀碰到过，更何况大骨呢！技术好的厨师每年更换一把刀，是用刀割断筋肉割坏的（就像我们用刀割绳子一样）；技术一般的厨师每月就得更换一把刀，是砍断骨头而将刀砍坏的。如今，我的刀用了十九年，所宰的牛有几千头了，但刀刃锋利得就像刚在磨刀石上磨好的一样。那牛的骨节有间隙，而刀刃很薄；用很薄的刀刃插入有空隙的骨节，宽宽绰绰地，那么刀刃的运转必然是有余地的啊！因此，十九年来，刀刃还像刚从磨刀石上磨出来的一样。即使是这样，每当碰到筋骨交错聚结的地方，我看到那里很难下刀，就小心翼翼地提高警惕，视力集中到一点，动作缓慢下来，动起刀来非常轻，豁啦一声，牛的骨和肉一下子就解开了，就像泥土散落在地上一样。我提着刀站立起来，为此举目四望，为此悠然自得，心满意足，然后把刀擦抹干净，收藏起来。梁惠王说：好啊！我听了庖丁的这番话，懂得了养生的道理了。

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赏析

作者原意是用它来说明养生之道的，借此揭示了做人做事都要顺应自然规律的道理。全文可分四段。第一段写庖丁解牛的熟练动作和美妙音响；第二段紧接着写文惠君的夸赞，从侧面烘托庖丁技艺的精湛；第三段是庖丁对文惠君的解答，庖丁主要讲述了自己达于道境的三个阶段；第四段写文惠君听后领悟了养生的道理。此文在写作上采用多种手法，结构严密，语言生动简练，体现了庄子文章汪洋恣肆的特点。第一段惟妙惟肖的解牛描写。作者以浓重的笔墨，文采斐然地表现出庖丁解牛时神情之悠闲，动作之和谐。全身手、肩、足、膝并用，触、倚、踩、抵相互配合，一切都显得那么协调潇洒。砉然响... >>

庖丁解牛

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