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【作者】佚名【朝代】先秦

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。

十月之交，朔月辛卯。日有食之，亦孔之丑。彼月而微，此日而微；今此下民，亦孔之哀。
日月告凶，不用其行。四国无政，不用其良。彼月而食，则维其常；此日而食，于何不臧。
烨烨震电，不宁不令。百川沸腾，山冢崒崩。高岸为谷，深谷为陵。哀今之人，胡憯莫惩？
皇父卿士，番维司徒。家伯维宰，仲允膳夫。棸子内史，蹶维趣马。楀维师氏，醘妻煽方处。
抑此皇父，岂曰不时？胡为我作，不即我谋？彻我墙屋，田卒污莱。曰予不戕，礼则然矣。
皇父孔圣，作都于向。择三有事，亶侯多藏。不慭遗一老，俾守我王。择有车马，以居徂向。
黾勉从事，不敢告劳。无罪无辜，谗口嚣嚣。下民之孽，匪降自天。噂沓背憎，职竞由人。
悠悠我里，亦孔之痗。四方有羡，我独居忧。民莫不逸，我独不敢休。天命不彻，我不敢效我友自逸。

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诗经忧国忧民山水

译文注释

正是十月的时候，初一这天是辛卯。天上日食忽发生，这是凶险的征兆。往日月蚀夜光微，今天日食天地黑。如今天下众黎民，大难将临令人悲。日食月食示凶兆，运行常规不遵照。全因天下没善政，空有贤才用不了。平时月食也曾有，习以为常心不扰。现在日食又出现，叹息此事为凶耗。雷电轰鸣又闪亮，天不安来地不宁。江河条条如沸腾，山峰座座尽坍崩。高岸竟然成深谷，深谷却又变高峰。可叹当世执政者，面对凶险不自警。皇父显要为卿士，番氏官职是司徒。冢宰之职家伯掌，仲允御前做膳夫。内史棸子管人事，蹶氏身居趣马职。楀氏掌教官师氏，美妻惑王势正炽。叹息一声这皇父，难道真不识时务？为何调我去服役，事先一点不告诉？拆我墙来毁我屋，田被水淹终荒芜。还说不是我残暴，礼法如此不合糊。皇父实在很圣明，远建向都避灾殃。选择亲信作三卿，真是富豪多珍藏。不愿留下一老臣，让他守卫我君王。有车马人被挑走，迁往新居地在向。尽心竭力做公事，辛苦劳烦不敢言。本来无错更无罪，众口喧嚣将我谗。黎民百姓受灾难，灾难并非降自天。当面聚欢背后恨，罪责应由小人担。绵绵愁思长又长，劳心伤神病恹恹。天下之人多欢欣，独我处在忧伤间。众人全都享安逸，唯我劳苦不敢闲。只要周朝天命在，不敢效友苟偷安。

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译文注释

交：日月交会，指晦朔之间。
朔月：月朔，初一。
孔：很。
丑：凶恶。
行：轨道，规律，法则。
四国：泛指天下。
则：犹。
于：读作吁，感叹词。
于何：多么。
臧：善。
烨烨：雷电闪耀。
震：雷。宁、
令：皆指安宁。
川：江河。
冢：山顶。
崒：通碎，崩坏。
胡憯：怎么。
莫惩：不制止。
皇父：周幽王时的卿士。
卿士：官名，总管王朝政事，为百官之长。
番：姓。
司徒：六卿之一，掌管土地人口。
家伯：人名，周幽王的宠臣。
宰：冢宰。六卿之一，掌建六邦之典。
仲允：人名。
膳夫：掌管周王饮食的官。
棸子：姓棸的人。
内史：掌管周王的法令和对诸侯封赏策命的官。
蹶：姓。
趣马：养马的官。
楀：姓。
师氏：掌管贵族子弟教育的官。
艳妻：指周幽王的宠妃褒姒。
煽：炽热。
抑：通噫，感叹词。
不时：不按时，不合时，此处时主要指农时。
我作：作我，役使我。
彻：拆毁。
卒：尽，都。
污：积水。
莱：荒芜。
戕：残害。
向：王先谦认为是今河南济源县南向城。
三有事：三有司，即三卿。
亶：信，确实。
侯：助词，维。
慭：愿意，肯。
徂：到，去。以居徂向即徂向以居。
黾勉：努力。
嚣嚣：众多的样子。
孽：灾害。
噂：聚汇。
沓：语多貌。噂沓，聚在一起说话。
背憎：背后互相憎恨。
职：主要。
里：悝之假借，忧愁。
痗：病。
彻：毁灭。

来源：

赏析

《十月之交》是周幽王时的一个朝廷小官，因为不满于当政者皇父诸人在其位不谋其政，不管社稷安危，只顾中饱私囊的行为而作的一首政治怨刺。《毛诗序》认为此诗作于幽王时，郑玄认为作于厉王时阮元在《揅经室集》中对郑玄之说多有驳辨。据天文学家考订，此诗中记载的日食发生在公元前776年9月6日（周幽王六年夏历十月一日），这是世界上最早的日食记录。则此诗应作于公元前776年（幽王六年）。
诗共八章，可分为三部分。第一部分（前三章），将日食、月食、强烈地震同朝廷用人不善联系起来，抒发自己深沉的悲痛与忧虑。诗人不理解日食、月食、地震发生的原因... 古诗文网>>

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