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四月

【作者】佚名【朝代】先秦

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四月维夏，六月徂署。先祖匪人，胡宁忍予？
秋日凄凄，百卉具腓。乱离瘼矣，爰其适归？
冬日烈烈，飘风发发。民莫不谷，我独何害？
山有嘉卉，侯栗侯梅。废为残贼，莫知其尤！
相彼泉水，载清载浊。我日构祸，曷云能穀？
滔滔江汉，南国之纪。尽瘁以仕，宁莫我有？
匪鹑匪鸢，翰飞戾天。匪鳣匪鲔，潜逃于渊。
山有蕨薇，隰有杞桋。君子作歌，维以告哀。

标签:

迁谪诗经

译文注释

四月已经是夏天，六月酷暑就将完。祖先不是别家人，怎忍让我受熬煎？
秋日有风风凄凄，百草凋零百花稀。颠沛流离痛苦深，何时才能回家里？
冬日寒气真凛冽，狂风呼啸肤欲裂。没有一家不快活，独我遭灾多悲切！
好树好花满山隈，既有栗树也有梅。大受破坏与残害，不知那是谁的罪。
看那山间泉水横，一会清来一会浑。我却天天遇祸患，哪能做个有福人？
长江汉水浪滔滔，统领南方诸河道。鞠躬尽瘁来办事，可是没人说我好。
为人不如鹰和雕，振翅高飞上云霄。为人不如鲤和鲟，潜入深渊把命逃。
蕨菜薇菜长山里，杞树桋树长洼地。我今作首歌儿唱，满腔悲哀诉说起。

︾查看更多︽收起更多

译文注释

（1）四月：指夏历（即今农历）四月。下句“六月”同。
（2）徂（cú）：往。徂暑，意谓盛暑即将过去。
（3）匪人：不是他人。
（4）胡宁：为什么。忍予：忍心让我（受苦）。
（5）卉（huì）：草的总名。腓（féi）：此系“痱”的假借字，（草木）枯萎或病。
（6）瘼（mò）：病、痛苦。
（7）爰：何。适：往、去。归：归宿。
（8）烈烈：即“冽冽”，严寒的样子。
（9）飘风：疾风。发（bō）发：状狂风呼啸的象声词。
（10）谷（gǔ）：善、好。
（11）何：通“荷”，承受。
（12）侯：有。
（13）废：大。残贼：残害。
（14）尤：错。罪过。
（15）相：看。
（16）载：又。
（17）构：“遘”的假借字，遇。
（18）曷：何。云：语助词。
（19）江汉：长江、汉水。
（20）南国：指南方各河流。纪：朱熹《集传》：“纪，纲纪也，谓经带包络之也。”
（21）尽瘁：尽心尽力以致憔悴。仕：任职。
（22）有：通“友”，友爱，相亲。
（23）鹑（tuán）：雕。鸢（yuān）：老鹰。
（24）翰（hàn）飞：高飞。戾（lì）：至。
（25）鱣（zhān）：大鲤鱼。鲔（wěi）：鲟鱼。
（26）蕨薇：两种野菜。
（27）杞：枸杞。桋（yí）：赤楝。

来源：古诗文网

赏析

从此诗“卒章显志”的末两句“君子作歌，维以告哀”来看，诗人系为抒发强烈悲愤之情而作。后世屈原《九章·惜诵》：“惜诵以致愍兮，发愤以抒情。”其情实与《四月》一脉相通。那么，诗人为什么要“告哀”，告什么哀，这可从前面七章找答案。
前三章是“哀”的内容。二章的“乱离瘼矣，爰其适归”是哀的集中表现，诗人颠沛流离，遭贬谪，被窜逐，无家可归，贫病交加，仓皇狼狈，犹如丧家之犬。
流亡或流放的本身已够悲惨，而主观心境与客观环境更加深了这种悲哀的程度。从首章“先祖匪人，胡宁忍予？”呼天抢地声中，可见诗人怨愤之深。他不是平民，更不是... 古诗文网>>

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