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【作者】欧阳修【朝代】宋

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》

。

呜呼！盛衰之理，虽曰天命，岂非人事哉！原庄宗之所以得天下，与其所以失之者，可以知之矣。
世言晋王之将终也，以三矢赐庄宗而告之曰：“梁，吾仇也；燕王，吾所立；契丹与吾约为兄弟；而皆背晋以归梁。此三者，吾遗恨也。与尔三矢，尔其无忘乃父之志！”庄宗受而藏之于庙。其后用兵，则遣从事以一少牢告庙，请其矢，盛以锦囊，负而前驱，及凯旋而纳之。
方其系燕父子以组，函梁君臣之首，入于太庙，还矢先王，而告以成功，其意气之盛，可谓壮哉！及仇雠已灭，天下已定，一夫夜呼，乱者四应，仓皇东出，未及见贼而士卒离散，君臣相顾，不知所归。至于誓天断发，泣下沾襟，何其衰也！岂得之难而失之易欤？抑本其成败之迹，而皆自于人欤？
《书》曰：“满招损，谦得益。”忧劳可以兴国，逸豫可以亡身，自然之理也。故方其盛也，举天下之豪杰，莫能与之争；及其衰也，数十伶人困之，而身死国灭，为天下笑。夫祸患常积于忽微，而智勇多困于所溺，岂独伶人也哉！作《伶官传》。

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译文注释讲解背景知识锦囊

唉！盛衰的道理，虽说是天命决定的，难道说不是人事造成的吗？推究庄宗所以取得天下，与他所以失去天下的原因，就可以明白了。
　　世人传说晋王临死时，把三枝箭赐给庄宗，并告诉他说：“梁国是我的仇敌，燕王是我推立的，契丹与我约为兄弟，可是后来都背叛我去投靠了梁。这三件事是我的遗恨。交给你三枝箭，你不要忘记你父亲报仇的志向。”庄宗受箭收藏在祖庙。以后庄宗出兵打仗，便派手下的随从官员，用猪羊去祭告祖先，从宗庙里恭敬地取出箭来，装在漂亮的丝织口袋里，使人背着在军前开路，等打了胜仗回来，仍旧把箭收进宗庙。
　　当他用绳子绑住燕王父子，用小木匣装着梁国君臣的头，走进祖庙，把箭交还到晋王的灵座前，告诉他生前报仇的志向已经完成，他那神情气概，是多么威风！等到仇敌已经消灭，天下已经安定，一人在夜里发难，作乱的人四面响应，他慌慌张张出兵东进，还没见到乱贼，部下的兵士就纷纷逃散，君臣们你看着我，我看着你，不知道哪里去好；到了割下头发来对天发誓，抱头痛哭，眼泪沾湿衣襟的可怜地步，怎么那样的衰败差劲呢！难道说是因为取得天下难，而失去天下容易才像这样的吗？还是认真推究他成功失败的原因，都是由于人事呢？
　　《尚书》上说：“自满会招来损害，谦虚能得到益处。”忧劳可以使国家兴盛，安乐可以使自身灭亡，这是自然的道理。因此，当他兴盛时，普天下的豪杰，没有谁能和他相争；到他衰败时，数十个乐官就把他困住，最后身死国灭，被天下人耻笑。祸患常常是由一点一滴极小的错误积累而酿成的，纵使是聪明有才能和英勇果敢的人，也多半沉溺于某种爱好之中，受其迷惑而结果陷于困穷，难道只有乐工（是所溺的成分）吗？于是作《伶官传》。

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译文注释讲解背景知识锦囊

伶官：伶，戏子，或唱戏杂技演员，现代的娱乐人员。宫庭里供统治者娱乐表演的人物。可见封建朝代不思于民生，不思于进取，奢华淫乐而痛失天下！伶官尚能使天下易主，可见不居安思危之害！
原：推本求源，推究。
其：语气副词，表示期望、命令的语气。
庙：太庙，帝王祭祀祖先的宗庙。
从事：这里指负责具体事物的官员。
一少牢：用猪、羊各一头作祭品。牢，祭祀用的牲畜。
组：丝带，这里指绳索。
抑：或者
逸豫：逍遥游乐，不能居安思危。
所溺：沉溺迷恋的人或事物。
乃:你，你的。
顾：看。
函：用木匣装。
忽微：极细小的东西。
纳：放回。
仇雠：仇敌。
《书》曰：语出《尚书·大禹谟》。
及：等到。
所溺：沉溺迷爱的人或事物。

来源：古诗文网

译文注释讲解背景知识锦囊

前半部分以叙史为主。作者于开篇之首即开宗明义，用一兼带感叹语气的反诘句道出了此文的中心论点——“盛衰之理，虽曰天命，岂非人事哉！”可谓立论鲜明，催人警醒，又具有论战性，一反当时流行的宿命论的历史观。前人曾评此句是“起势横空而来，神气甚远”。文章接着写道：“原庄宗之所以得天下，与其所以失之者，可以知之矣。”表明作者将列举庄宗得失天下的史例作为论据，对上述论点加以论证。这一过渡句的运用，使论点与论据间衔接紧密自然，论点有总领全篇之功，而下面文字的出现又不致突兀。为论证中心论点，作者并未赘述庄宗身世或伶官轶事，也未过多地列举史例，而是从纷繁的史料中，仅选取了传奇色彩较浓，颇具典型意义的庄宗得失天下的史事，以洗练的文字，沉挚充沛的感情，抑扬顿挫的语调，纵横捭阖的气势加以叙述。据说，晋王李克用与梁王朱温结仇极深。燕王刘守光之父刘仁恭，曾被李克用保荐为卢龙节度使。契丹族首领耶律阿保机（辽太祖）曾与李克用把臂定盟，结为兄弟，商定共同举兵讨梁。但刘仁恭与阿保机后皆叛晋归梁，与晋成仇。李克用临终时以三枝箭作为遗命，要其子李存勖为其复仇。李存勖兵精将勇，东征西讨，于公元913年攻破幽州，生俘刘氏父子，用绳捆索绑，解送太原，献于晋王太庙。公元923年，李存勖攻梁，梁兵败，朱温之子梁末帝朱友贞命部将杀死自己，李存勖攻入汴京，把朱友贞及其部将的头装入木匣，收藏在太庙里。李存勖还曾三次击败契丹，为父报了大仇。但他灭梁以后，骄傲自满，宠信伶官，纵情声色，使民怨沸腾，众叛亲离，在位仅三年就死于兵变之中。在叙述这段史事的过程中，作者采用先扬后抑的手法，通过一盛一衰的对比，一褒一贬的抒情，给人以强烈的碰撞感、落差感，引起读者心灵的震颤，增强了论点的说服力，正如前人说：“叙唐庄宗处，倏而英俊，倏而衰飒。凭吊欷歔，虽尺幅短章，有萦回无尽之意。”作者于叙事之后，又以两个反诘句回扣主题——“岂得之难而失之易欤？抑本其成败之迹，而皆自于人欤？”至此，对比论证初步告一段落。

译文注释讲解背景知识锦囊

欧阳修进入政界后，正是北宋王朝开始由盛到衰的时期，社会上的各种矛盾日趋尖锐，政治上的一些弊端越来越严重，社会危机越来越令人不安。到了仁宗庆历初年，以王伦、李海等为首的人民暴动接踵而起，西夏又侵扰西北边境，屡败宋军。欧阳修、范仲淹等人针对当时的敝政，力图实行政治改革，以挽救北宋王朝的危机却接二连三地遭到当权派的打击。在这种情况下，欧阳修忧心忡忡，很担心五代惨痛历史即将重演。而宋太祖时薛居正奉命主修的《旧五代史》又“繁猥失实”，无助于劝善惩恶。于是自己动手，撰成了七十四卷的《新五代史》。欧阳修关心国计民生，忧国忧民，倡导革新他崇尚儒家的尚实致用思想，关心时事，积极入世，坚决反对佛教思想，极力抨击佛教的危害。他有胆有识，奋发上进，为国家和民族想有所作为。欧阳修反对屈辱苟安，不修武备，力主加强战备，改革时政。面对国家和民族面临的危机，欧阳修作此序是为了希望宋朝统治者以史为鉴，告诫执政者要吸取历史教训，居安思危，防微杜渐，励精图治，不应满足表面的虚荣，以期引起统治者的警惕。

译文注释讲解背景 知识锦囊

通假字：及仇雠已灭 “雠”同“仇”，仇敌；尔其无忘乃父之志！“无”通“毋”

词类活用：名词作状语：负而前驱前︰向前；仓皇东出东︰向东

动词作名词：而告以成功成功︰成功的消息

古今异义：不知所归,至于誓天断发古义︰表示不好的结果,相当于“以致”今义：程度副词或表另提一事。

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