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【作者】庄子【朝代】先秦

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bǎi

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，

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，

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子

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zhī

之

jiā

家

”

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hǎi

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yuē

曰

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jǐng

井

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。

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yú

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，

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ěr

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ěr

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，

mò

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yú

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hé

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。

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liú

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，

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wèi

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liàng

量

shù

数

。

ér

而

wú

吾

wèi

未

cháng

尝

yǐ

以

cǐ

此

zì

自

duō

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zhě

者

，

zì

自

yǐ

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比

xíng

形

yú

于

tiān

天

dì

地

，

ér

而

shòu

受

qì

气

yú

于

yīn

阴

yáng

阳

，

wú

吾

zài

在

tiān

天

dì

地

zhī

之

jiān

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mù

木

zhī

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zài

在

dà

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shān

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yě

也

。

fāng

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cún

存

hū

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yòu

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xī

奚

yǐ

以

zì

自

duō

多

！

jì

计

sì

四

hǎi

海

zhī

之

zài

在

tiān

天

dì

地

zhī

之

jiān

间

yě

也

，

bù

不

shì

似

lěi

礨

kōng

空

zhī

之

zài

在

dà

大

zé

泽

hū

乎

？

jì

计

zhōng

中

guó

国

zhī

之

zài

在

hǎi

海

nèi

内

bù

不

shì

似

tí

稊

mǐ

米

zhī

之

zài

在

dà

大

cāng

仓

hū

乎

？

hào

号

wù

物

zhī

之

shù

数

wèi

谓

zhī

之

wàn

万

，

rén

人

chù

处

yī

一

yān

焉

；

rén

人

zú

卒

jiǔ

九

zhōu

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，

gǔ

谷

shí

食

zhī

之

suǒ

所

shēng

生

，

zhōu

舟

chē

车

zhī

之

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所

tōng

通

，

rén

人

chù

处

yī

一

yān

焉

。

cǐ

此

qí

其

bǐ

比

wàn

万

wù

物

yě

也

，

bù

不

shì

似

háo

豪

mò

末

zhī

之

zài

在

yú

于

mǎ

马

tǐ

体

hū

乎

？

wǔ

五

dì

帝

zhī

之

suǒ

所

lián

连

，

sān

三

wáng

王

zhī

之

suǒ

所

zhēng

争

，

rén

仁

rén

人

zhī

之

suǒ

所

yōu

忧

，

rèn

任

shì

士

zhī

之

suǒ

所

láo

劳

，

jǐn

尽

cǐ

此

yǐ

矣

！

bó

伯

yí

夷

cí

辞

zhī

之

yǐ

以

wéi

为

míng

名

，

zhòng

仲

ní

尼

yǔ

语

zhī

之

yǐ

以

wéi

为

bó

博

。

cǐ

此

qí

其

zì

自

duō

多

yě

也

，

bù

不

shì

似

ěr

尔

xiàng

向

zhī

之

zì

自

duō

多

yú

于

shuǐ

水

hū

乎

”

秋水时至，百川灌河。
泾流之大，两涘渚崖之间，不辩牛马。
于是焉，河伯欣然自喜，以天下之美为尽在己。
顺流而东行，至于北海。
东面而视，不见水端。
于是焉，河伯始旋其面目，望洋向若而叹曰：“野语有之曰：‘闻道百，以为莫己若’者，我之谓也。
且夫我尝闻少仲尼之闻，而轻伯夷之义者，始吾弗信，今我睹子之难穷也，吾非至于子之门，则殆矣，吾长见笑于大方之家。
” 　　北海若曰：“井蛙不可以语于海者，拘于虚也；夏虫不可以语于冰者，笃于时也；曲士不可以语于道者，束于教也。
今尔出于崖涘，观于大海，乃知尔丑，尔将可与语大理矣。
天下之水，莫大于海。
万川归之，不知何时止而不盈；尾闾泄之，不知何时已而不虚；春秋不变，水旱不知。
此其过江河之流，不可为量数。
而吾未尝以此自多者，自以比形于天地，而受气于阴阳，吾在天地之间，犹小石小木之在大山也。
方存乎见少，又奚以自多！计四海之在天地之间也，不似礨空之在大泽乎？计中国之在海内不似稊米之在大仓乎？号物之数谓之万，人处一焉；人卒九州，谷食之所生，舟车之所通，人处一焉。
此其比万物也，不似豪末之在于马体乎？五帝之所连，三王之所争，仁人之所忧，任士之所劳，尽此矣！伯夷辞之以为名，仲尼语之以为博。
此其自多也，不似尔向之自多于水乎？”

译文注释

秋季的霖雨如期而至，千百条小河注入黄河。水流宽阔，两岸和水中洲岛之间，连牛马都分辨不清。于是乎，河伯洋洋自得，认为天下的美景都集中在他自己这里。顺着流水向东方行走，一直到达北海，面向东看去，看不到水的尽头。这时，河伯转变了自己的脸色，抬头仰视着海神若叹息说：俗话所说的知道的道理很多了，便认为没有谁能比得上自己，这正是说我呀。再说，我曾经听说(有人)认为仲尼的学识少，伯夷的义行不值得看重。开始我还不敢相信，现在我亲眼目睹了大海您大到难以穷尽，如果我没有来到您的身边，那就很危险了，我将要永远被明白大道理的人嘲笑。北海若说：不可与井底之蛙谈论大海，因为它的眼界受狭小居处的局限；不可与夏天的虫子谈论冰，因为它受到时令的局限；不可与见识浅陋的乡曲书生谈论大道理，因为他受到了礼教的束缚。现在你河伯从黄河两岸间走出，看到了大海，才知道你自己的鄙陋，可以跟你谈论一些大道理了。天下的水，没有比海更大的。千万条河流流归大海，没有停止的时候，而大海却并不因此而盈满；尾闾不停地排泄海水，不知到什么时候停止，但大海并没有减少。无论春天还是秋天大海水位不变，无论水灾还是旱灾大海没有感觉。大海的容量超过了长江、黄河的水流，简直不能用数字来计算。但是我并没有因此而自夸，我自认为自己列身于天地之间，接受了阴阳之气。我在天地之间，好比是小石块、小树木在高山一样，正感到自己的渺小，又怎么会自傲自夸？考虑到四海在天地之间，不正像小小的蚁穴存在于大湖之中吗？考虑到中原地区在四海之内，不正像米粒存放在大粮仓之中吗？称呼物类的数目可以说万，而人类只不过居于万物中的一种。人类虽遍布九州，但其所居之地也只占谷食所生、舟车所通之地中的万分之一。拿人和万物相比，不正像一根毫毛在马身上一样吗？五帝所延续的(业绩)，三王所争夺的(天下)，仁人志士所忧虑的(事情)，以天下为己任的贤能之士为之劳苦的(目标)，都不过如此而已。伯夷以辞让周王授予的职位而取得名声，孔子以谈说仁、礼而显示渊博。他们这样自我夸耀，不正像你当初因河水上涨而自夸一样吗？

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赏析

本文节选自《庄子秋水》。庄子(前？前？)，战国时宋国人，思想家，庄子和老子同属道家学派，合称老庄。庄子生活的战国时代是一个大动荡大变革的时代，庄子对当时的兼并战争、剥削压迫乃至人为物役等现象极端不满，但又无可奈何。无可奈何中，他只希望在黑暗的社会中生活得愉快，能够顺其自然，得尽天年。于是，他以道为师，企图通过心斋、坐忘等方式与道融为一体，追求无己、无功、无名的无差别境界，而获得逍遥游，获得精神的绝对自由。庄子《秋水》本义是讨论价值判断的相对性，我们现在可以视之为相对独立的一篇选文，而给予积极的解释，获得新的启迪。《秋水》篇的主体... >>

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